GLOBALIZATION:

The world started to have a new shape, and nation states became more interdependent with each other. Major changes, like the expansion of markets and openness to trade set the basis for a global economy in which billions of people are participating today. globalization has had the negative effect of facilitating the expansion of transnational crime such as global terrorism, people and drug trafficking, immigrant smuggling and money laundering. (Petcu, 2017).For the purposes of this paper, globalization is understood as the compression of time and space, resulting in increased “flows” across borders of goods, services, capital, ideas, and people, contributing to the “vanishing” of borders(Scherlen, 2001).

The growth of global crime is a threat to the rule of law, without which there can be no sustainable world development. The liberalization of international markets and the suppression of borders have allowed the drug trade to flourish. The development of satellite communications and other technical advancements have endowed trafficking networks with new and efficient working tools to adapt, and better exploit the world economic system. Transnational criminal markets crisscross the planet, conveying drugs, arms, trafficked women, toxic waste, stolennatural resources etc. What people all over the world wish each other at the beginning of a new year, health, peace and prosperity is what transnational organized crime markets destroy, bringing instead disease, violence and misery to exposed regions and vulnerable populations (UNODC, 2010).

GLOBALIZATION OF TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME:

Over time, transnational organized crime (TOC) has evolved considerably in ways that outpaced the growth of mechanisms for global governance. By offering access to new telecommunication technologies and by facilitating the free movement of people, globalization encouraged criminal organization activity to expand into international markets. The volume of international trade rose substantially through the bilateral and multilateral economic agreements that reduced trade barriers between regions and continents. Not only can goods and people move more easily, but also more cheaply. (UNODC 2010, 40).These factors contributed to an increase in commerce, which has included a greater amount of illicit goods.In addition, the rise of global supply chains and just-in-time delivery of goods and services has greatly increased the pressure to keep commerce moving through ports of entry, decreasing the amount of time for inspecting goods(Hanna, 2016, p38). Human and commercial flows are so high that it has become harder to distinguish licit from illicit. The sea, which represents three quarters of the earth surface, is used to transport more than 90% of global trade, and very little of the cargo moving from one port to another can be inspected (UNODC, 2010, 30).

The expansion of Internet and mobile communications transformed the traditional criminal organizational structures and empowered them with new tools to engage in more sophisticated crimes.The cybercrimes have also increased tremendously with the technological advancements. The transnational trafficking of child pornography and online theft has increased enormously due to the expansion of internet. Still online trafficking is less common than the other forms of cybercrime but it has much greater potential. Child pornography is both inefficient and dangerous, in regard of its production and distribution. It is predicted that due to the rise of internet its demand will also rise and the criminal groups will victimize children for their profits (Kron, Braun and Heinke, 2015).And cyber-espionage. For example, the internet is used as a new open space for selling illicit drugs, pirated intellectual property, and trafficked persons (Hanna, 2016, p-40). The post-communist transition, the structural adjustment programs and trade liberalization intensified socio-spatial disparities, and therefore, increased exclusion and unemployment in developing countries. When combined with poverty and unemployment, this pushed marginalized groups to engage in illicit activities (UNESCO, 1999, 5).

Among all, drug trafficking is one of the most developed forms of organized crime which has not only affected societies but has also pitches violence, corruption, and instability in transit countries (UNODC, 2010, 92). Both the range of drugs and drug markets are expanding and diversifying as never before. World Drug Report makes clear that the international community needs to step up its responses to cope with these challenges. We are facing a potential supply-driven expansion of drug markets, with production of opium and manufacture of cocaine at the highest levels ever recorded. Markets for cocaine and methamphetamine are extending beyond their usual regions and, while drug trafficking online using the dark net continues to represent only a fraction of drug trafficking as a whole, it continues to grow rapidly, despite successes in shutting down popular trading platforms(World Drug Report, 2018).

MANUFACTURING DRUGS:

A marked increase in opium poppy cultivation and a gradual increase in opium poppy yields in Afghanistan resulted in opium production in the country reaching 9,000 tons in 2017, an increase of 87 per cent from the previous year. Total global opium production jumped by 65 per cent from 2016 to 2017, to 10,500 tons, easily the highest estimate recorded by UNODC since it started monitoring global opium production at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The flow in opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan meant that the total area under opium poppy cultivation worldwide increased by 37 per cent from 2016 to 2017, to almost 420,000 ha. More than 75 per cent of that area is in Afghanistan. Overall seizures of opiates rose by almost 50 per cent from 2015 to 2016. The quantity of heroin seized globally reached a record high of 91 tons in 2016. Most opiates were seized near the manufacturing hubs in Afghanistan. Among the drivers of that increase were political instability, lack of government control and reduced economic opportunities for rural communities, which may have left the rural population vulnerable to the influence of groups involved in the drug trade.

Global cocaine manufacture in 2016 reached its highest level ever: an estimated 1,410 tons. After falling during the period 2005–2013, global cocaine manufacture rose by 56 per cent during the period 2013–2016. The increase from 2015 to 2016 was 25 per cent. Most of the world’s cocaine comes from Colombia, which boosted its manufacture by more than one third from 2015 to 2016, to some 866 tons. The total area under coca bush cultivation worldwide in 2016 was 213,000 ha, almost 69 per cent of which was in Colombia. In 2006, more than 213,000 ha were eradicated. Ten years later, the figure was less than 18,000 ha. The result has been perceived decrease in the risk of coca bush cultivation and a dramatic scaling-up of manufacture. Colombia has seen massive rises in both the number of cocaine laboratories dismantled and the amount of cocaine seized (World Drug Report, 2018)

Cannabis remains the world’s most commonly used drug in 2016, with 192 million people using it at least once in the past year. The global number of cannabis users continues to rise and appears to have increased by roughly 16 per cent in the decade ending 2016, which is in line with the increase in the world population. The quantities of cannabis herb seized globally declined by 27 per cent, to 4,386 tons, in 2016. The decline was particularly marked in North America, where the availability of medical cannabis in many jusrisdictions and the legalization of cannabis for recreational use in several states of the United States may have played a role.

Table 1: Drugs Seizures, Royal Grenada Police Force, 2014 - 2016

Drug	Unit of Measurement	Quantity Seized 2014	Quantity Seized 2015	Quantity Seized 2016
Cocaine hydrochloride	kg	71	46.96	12
Crack	kg	1.30	1.25	0.634
Cannabis	un	14,913	6,271 6,	plants 403
Cannabis	kg	829	973.90	1,421
Cannabis cigarettes	un	1,767	2,042	1,321

Source: Drug Squad

DRUG TRAFFICKING:

The most integral part of the illicit drug trade is trafficking. The trafficking process generally consists of three locations: the production state (means countries), one or more states that serve as transshipment centers, and the consumption state. The mission of the traffickers is to get the drugs from the suppliers to the consumer as efficiently as possible without being detected. Their place in the chain is the most important and, therefore, the most profitable. The implied value added of trafficking is estimated at more than 2,000%.33 (Jenner, 2011).

Without traffickers, the industry would consist of remote suppliers with no means to deliver goods to the consumer; traffickers facilitate the globalization of the drug trade. Each year, over 60 million people enter the United States by air on more than 675,000 flights, 370 million people enter by land in 116 million vehicles, and 6 million people enter by sea on over 90,000 ships, carrying over 400 million tons of cargo. Amid this enormous movement of people and products, drug traffickers transport their drugs.

Heroine is specifically grown in Afghanistan. Its geographic concentration is very unique. At current levels the consumption of heroin is 375 tons from which 340 tons of heroin is trafficked worldwide through the routes of the neighbouring countries (Kron, Braun and Heinke, 2015). about 90% of the heroin trafficking come from Afghanistan, from the cultivation of opium poppy.The organised crime groups involved in its traffickingonly because its more and nore profitable than any other means. The most important market for the Afghan heroin is Europe, consuming about 250kgs on a daily basis (UNODC, 2010). The transportation sometimes go through maritime, especially through the Black Sea. All the heroin is not transferred from Afghanistan, some is also left in the transit countries. It is said that the trade is managed by a limited number of people. The small groups do trafficking across borders with their family members. When they get the permissions from the borders they start trafficking. (Sproat, 2012).

Cocaine is found in two forms, in powder and products containing cocaine which falls under the category of “crack”. Chemically both the forms do the same damage but the addition of heat and baking soda give cocaine the dimension that it can be smoked out. Colombia was one of the largest producers of cocaine after 1970s. Cocaine still has the most organised methods of trafficking than the other drugs(Ahmed, 2016) cited from (UNODC, 2010). In cocaine trafficking, the huge amount of flows starts from the Andean region to North America usually crossing its path by Central Asia and then to Europe by crossing West Africa. By this an increased share is directed to the Southern regions of South America (ibid). The trafficking of cocaine is also done through the pilots and also through the Caribbean Sea (Kron, Braun and Heinke, 2015). The consumption of the cocaine in the US has been declined after the 1980s and then intensely dropped off after 2006. It was the impact of the increased efforts of the law enforcements in the Latin America. The results of these efforts increased the competition and created violence among the trafficking groups. After the issue got international attention and due political changes, the trafficking has reduced in the West Africa after 2007.

DRUG TRAFFICKING AND RELATED VIOLANCE:

Users may perpetrate crimes of violence to raise the money to buy drugs. Traffickers and suppliers use violence for a variety of reasons: to obtain and defend their control and possession of the commodity, to protect their shipments, to guarantee themselves a market free of competitors, to distribute the goods, and to protect their earnings(Viano, 2010).The high profits from drug trade are motivating armed groups, terrorist organizations and simply individuals who live in poverty, to engage in drug trafficking. “The drug trade flourishes where state presence is weak, where the rule of law is unevenly applied, and where opportunities for corruption exist” (World Drug Report, 2016). In countries where law enforcement is weak and the economy is not sufficient to sustain its people, officials are more prone to turn a blind eye to illegal activities for bribes that can exceed what they otherwise could earn in a lifetime. If resistance is encountered, violence rises. For example, after reporting the military involvement in drug trafficking, several journalists had to flee Guinea-Bissau because they received death threats from traffickers (UNODC, 2010, p236). The expansion of trafficking routes over the years, Central America became a central point for smuggling cocaine to the U.S. and Europe. The national security strategy implemented by the Mexican government in 2006 led to an increase in the cocaine trafficking through Central America and the Caribbean. This promoted competition for territorial control in weak states like Honduras and Guatemala where groups were already engaged in criminal activities and migrant smuggling. As a consequence, violence erupted in these countries and homicide rates increased to uncontrolled levels (world Drug Report, 2012, p11).

Organized criminals became so powerful inrelationship with the state that whenever the state face up tooppose them, high government officials and federal police agents would be murdered as a form of revenge. The flow of cocaine through Central America declined over the years but this didn’t lead to a reduction in murder rates. On the contrary, instability in the market can drive violence. One example is Jamaica, whose cocaine flow dropped from 11% in 2000 to 1% in 2007, but whose murder rate rose from 34 per 100,000 in 2000 to 59 per 100,000 in 2008 (World Drug Report, 2011, 51).

The innovation of new technologies enable drug trafficking groups to commit traditional crimes with new methods for example, to conceal information about the shipment of illicit drug consignments by means of encrypted messages or to launder drug-related funds by electronic transfer and to commit new offences with new means, for example, by using information warfare or digital attack against intelligence activities of drug law enforcement agencies. Drug traffickers use computers and electronic pocket organizers for storing information (such as bank account numbers, contact details of associates, databases of assets and financial activity, sales and other business records, grid coordinates of clandestine landing strips and recipes for synthetic drug manufacture) and for electronic mail (e-mail) and other correspondence and receive instructions by telephone, fax, pager or computer on where to deliver warehouse loads, whom to contact for transportation services and where to send the profits.

Members of drug trafficking organizations can program their computers to detect attempted intrusion and to use “back-hacking” techniques in order to damage the investigating source.Such techniques are of particular value to the organizers of drug trafficking activities, who rarely need to leave the protection of their home base in order to organize or supervise their operations.Narcotics police in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China report that detecting the laundering of drug-related funds has become more difficult with the advance of electronic commerce and Internet banking facilities. Drug traffickers communicate with each other mainly by using mobile telephones with prepaid cards that can be bought anonymously. China has also reported a case in which criminals tried to avoid detection by penetrating thecustoms database to alter the details and status of a commercial freight consignment, a case that undoubtedly has implications for drug trafficking.

The likely consequences of these developments are, in the Board’s view, alarming. Young people may be drawn into drug-related crime by misinformation, propaganda or brainwashing on the part of unseen individuals whose aim is to profit from a broader drug-consuming population. When the approach is “virtual”, the warning signals that might deter or frighten a young person in the real world are minimized, and the filtering process by which an individual moves into physical contact with a criminal organization disappears. In psychological terms, “virtuality” could be describe.

Table 2: Drug-related Offences Committed by All Persons Arrested and Charged, 2014 - 2016

Drug-Related Offences Committed by Persons Arrested and Charged	Persons Arrested, 2014	Persons Arrested, 2015	Persons Arrested, 2016
Possession of marijuana	362	455	378
Cultivation of marijuana	11	38	25
Possession of cocaine	25	49	23
Trafficking	41	83	70
Possession with intent to supply	95	151	123
Possession of apparatus	16	13	16
Possession within 100 yards of school	1	2	1
Handling a controlled drug	2	1	1
Doing an act preparatory to drug trafficking	1	4	1
Misuse of a controlled drug	1	2	2
Conspiracy to traffic a controlled drug	3	13	7
Sale of drugs via the internet	0	0	0
Conspiracy to export property	1	1	0
Possession of equipment for misuse of controlled drug	0	3	0
Doing an act preparatory to export drug	0	6	0
Importing a controlled drug	0	0	2
Total	559	821	649

Source: Criminal Records Office

GLOBALIZATION AND INNOVATION OF TRAFFICKING ROUTES:

Although reducing drug availability for consumers has proven harder due to price decreases, globalization has partially offset the impact of lower drug prices by improving the overall drug enforcement capabilities of states in waging the war on drugs (especially with important technological advancements in modern radars and surveillance technology, which drastically improved and extended the intelligence operations). An important component of this is the open-borders effect, which encouraged “greater cross-border drug enforcement coordination” between different countries and regions around the world (Bartilow and Eom, 2009). Drug trafficking groups utilize new technologies to improve the efficiency of product delivery and distribution through the medium of secure, instant communications through computers; and to protect investigation by drug law enforcement agencies, sometimes using techniques of counter-attack. The Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD) of the Organization of American States (OAS) noted in its Hemispheric Report 1999-2010 that the Internet had become themost widely used medium for expanding theproduction of synthetic drugs in some countries andthat globalization, instant communication andelectronic fund transfers had been utilized by organized criminal groups to improve the efficiency of drugtrafficking activities. When law enforcement and military operations succeeded in closing down the routes established in the Caribbean by the Medellin and Cali cartels in the 1980s, the drug dealers replaced the old routes with new ones in Panama, Central America, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Pacific Corridor so that drugs could cross from Mexico into the United States (Bagley, 2012, p-7).

However, the monopoly that Mexican cartels had over cocaine merchandise within its territory started to be seriously threatened by the new Mexican national security strategy adopted in 2006 and Plan Merida, an U.S. initiative to combat narcotrafficking and organized crime in Mexico and Central America. There is also abundant evidence indicating increased use of both Venezuelan and Ecuadoran territory by Colombian traffickers to replace the increasingly problematic Mexican routes. Venezuela is a jumping-off point for smuggling through the Caribbean to the east coast of the United States or across the Atlantic through West Africa and into Europe. Despite the high militarization of the war on drugs, the initiative did not eliminate the key Mexican cartels, but it did make smuggling in the country more expensive and dangerous than before. As a result, drug dealers moved substantial portions of their operations to Central America where they targeted weaker states in which to conduct their business (mostly Guatemala and Honduras) (Ibid: 7).

THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR DRUGS:

Every market begins with the demand for a good or service. Thedemand for drugs has existed for thousands of years (Jenner, 2011). But the industry did not fully take flight until the 1960s. During the counterculturalmovements in the United States in the late 1960s, the previous socialstigmatizations of drugs began to recede as the use of recreational drugsbecame more fashionable and representative of social rebellion. Thischange was also felt in Western Europe where demand, spread and thencontinued to steadily rise around the world (Falco, 1997). International"entrepreneurs" seized the opportunity to meet the demand of thisgrowing market, and worldwide drug production skyrocketed (Ibid). Over thenext forty years, the illicit drug market embraced economicglobalization in the same way legitimate business did (Jojarth, 2009). The significantreduction in transportation costs and reduced trade barriers enabled theindustry to flourish into one of the largest in the world."However, one important characteristic of the drug tradedistinguishes it from other industries: drugs are illegal. Although this isfairly obvious, it is critical to highlight this aspect because it plays avital role in the success of the industry. Virtually every country in theworld criminalizes the consumption, production, and distribution ofdrugs like marijuana and cocaine (Ibid). In the United States, cocaine andmarijuana were made illegal in 1914 and 1937, respectively (Jeffrey & Zwiebel, 1995). The prohibition of drugs causes an underground black market toform. The inherent risk of incarceration from producing drugseffectively increases production costs because producers must take stepsto avoid detection. This leads to fewer market suppliers than a normal, free market would dictate, creating a monopolistic industry (Jeffrey, 2001). Because drugs are illicit and monopolistic conditions exist, producers cansubstantially markup the market price of drugs (profit margins are estimated at 300%). Today, the global market for illicit drugs nets over $500 billionannually 19-roughly the size of Switzerland's economy. It is one of thetop five largest industries in the world after the arms trade (Williams & Milani, 1999), accounting for at least one percent of the global economy. There areover 200 million drug users worldwide, representing three percent of theworld population. These statistics are astounding, but they do notnecessarily imply that globalization had anything to do with the growthof the industry. According to the United Nations annual World Drug Report,however, the United States consumes about twenty-five times morecocaine than Colombia, even though Colombia produces about fiftypercent of the world's cocaine. It should come as no surprise, then, thatthe area between North and South America is one of the most heavilytrafficked in the world. It isestimated that anywhere from $8 to $24 billion of illicitly generatedcash crosses the border from the United States to Mexico every year as aresult of trafficking. Nevertheless, at least 104 separate countries areinvolved in some aspect of the process globally, whether it is production, distribution, or laundering profits (Jenner, 2011).

LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT STRATEGIES:

The UN drug control conventions and the majority of national drug control systems are based on the belief that the strong enforcement of laws prohibiting drug production, distribution and use will eventually eliminate the supply and demand of controlled drugs, and therefore eradicate the illicit market. Police forces, specialised drug-enforcement agencies and, in some countries, even the military, have therefore played prominent roles in developing and implementing drug policies.

But These strategies have been unsuccessful in reducing the overall scale of illicit drug markets, and many of the activities behind these strategies have had serious negative impact In 2011, the Global Commission on Drug Policy produced an analysis report showing Law enforcement strategies focusing on arrests and punishment against producers, traffickers and consumers have been unsuccessful in reducing the scale of illicit drug markets. The world market for controlled drugs had grown, despite the escalation of law-enforcement measures in the past five decades.

In recent years, new developments in technology and communications equipment have enabled TOC networks involved in drug trafficking and other illicit activities to plan, coordinate, and perpetrate their schemes with increased mobility and anonymity. Criminal networks gives bribe to government officials and take advantage of weak border security and ill-equipped law enforcement to facilitate their operations. Along emerging trafficking routes, such as the transit route through West Africa to Europe, criminal networks are spreading corruption and undermining fledgling democratic institutions. Due to the enormous profits associated with drug trafficking, the illegal trade is also a way to finance other transnational criminal and terrorist activities. The focus of law-enforcement strategies needs to be reoriented in order to reduce drug-related harms to the health and social welfare of communities.

STRATEGY TO COMBAT TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME:

To diminish these threats, we will continue ongoing efforts to identify and disrupt the leadership, production, intelligence gathering, transportation, and financial infrastructure of major TOC networks. By targeting the human, technology, travel, and communications aspects of these networks, we will be able to monitor and gather intelligence to identify the full scope of the TOC networks, their members, financial assets, and criminal activities. Use of economic sanctions under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act (Kingpin Act) to pursue transnational drug organizations will enhance our ability to disrupt and dismantle TOC networks. The Kingpin Act also may be used to prosecute persons involved in illegal activities linked to drug trafficking, such as arms trafficking, bulk cash smuggling, or gang activity. Enhanced intelligence sharing and coordination among law enforcement and intelligence agencies, the military, and our diplomatic community will enable the interagency community to develop aggressive, multi-jurisdictional approaches to dismantle TOC networks involved in drug trafficking.

NEW OBJECTIVES AND INDICATORS FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT:

At the heart of reviewing existing drug strategies is the need to reconsider the objectives and priorities for law-enforcement action against drug markets and drug use. At a fundamental level, it is the duty of police and other law-enforcement agencies to protect the health and welfare of citizens. The assumption of many policy makers and law-enforcement managers has been that the best way to protect citizensfrom drug-related harm was to focus on eradicating illicit drug markets. As a result, the success of lawenforcement strategies has been measured in terms of steps towards the goal of eradication, such as the area of crops destroyed, amount of drugs or precursors seized, and number of arrests of people who use drugs or of low-level dealers. Unfortunately, none of these indicators has been an accurate measurement to whether the overall scale of the drug problem is being reduced. Nor are they a relevant barometer of the health and welfare of mankind (Fetherston, et al., 2005).

It is no longer possible to rely on the claim that strategies and tactics focusing on seizures, arrests and punishments will solve the drug problem. Instead, law-enforcement resources should be targeted at reducing drug-related crime and health and social harms, in order to better achieve the ultimate goal of securing the health and welfare of citizens. Law-enforcement strategic objectives should be more focused on the consequenceswhether positive or negative of the drug market, rather than its scale. To evaluate the progress of law-enforcement agencies in reaching these revised objectives, new indicators need to be developed:

1. Indicators of drug markets that focus more on the outcomes of law-enforcement operations:

· have law-enforcement operations reduced the availability of a particular drug to young people (measured by the level of use or ease of access)?

· have law-enforcement operations affected the price or purity of drugs at the retail level? If so, has this had positive or negative effects on the drug market and people who use drugs?

2. Indicators measuring drug-related crime:

· have the profits, power and reach of organised crime groups been reduced?

· has the violence associated with drug markets been reduced? o has the level of petty crime committed by people dependent on drugs been reduced?

3. Indicators measuring the law-enforcement contribution to health and social programmes:

· how many people dependent on drugs have law-enforcement agencies referred to drug-dependence treatment services?

· how many people have achieved a sustained period of stability as a result of treatment? o has the number of overdose deaths been reduced? o has the prevalence of HIV and viral hepatitis among people who use drugs declined?

4. Indicators evaluating the environment and patterns of drug use and dependence:

· how did law-enforcement activities impact on affected communities’ socio-economic environment?

· have patterns of drug use and dependence changed as a result of law-enforcement actions?

These are possible indicators for measuring law-enforcement’s contribution to reducing the negative impacts of drug markets, and which can also be more realistically achieved. If law-enforcement strategies and activities are to be guided by a different set of objectives and indicators, it does not mean a reduction in the role of law enforcement in drug control efforts. Rather, enhancing the objectives and indicators for law-enforcement strategies will strengthen the capacity of law-enforcement agencies to develop more effective responses.

CONCLUSION:

Globalization enhanced the movement of people and enhanced the flow of goods, capital and services. The elimination of trade barriers generated economic growth and brought world nations closer to each other. In short, globalization improved relationships between nations and created a new world order, which is more interconnected than ever, but perhaps in some ways it has progressed faster than our ability to control it (UNODC, 2010, 18). Despite its positive effects, globalization made countries more vulnerable to transnational crime. As international trade has increased in volume, criminal and terrorist groups have had more opportunities to engage in illicit activities and to do so more easily. Cooperation among criminal organizations expanded, and therefore, it strengthened their power and ability to evade detection by local law enforcement. The establishment of free trade zone and free trade agreements decreased the capacity for law enforcement authorities to distinguish licit from illicit trade and track it from the producing country to the destination. Moreover, retail prices of drugs decreased considerably 19 over the years due to a more efficient distribution and a reduction in the risk premium involved in dealing drugs.

Despite increasing cooperation among drug trafficking criminal organizations, globalization also played a significant role in fostering global law enforcement cooperation, which significantly contributed to the seizure of greater quantities of drugs and the incarceration of narcotrafficking leaders. However, as discussed in this paper, all these “successes” are not sufficient. Drug traffickers continue to find new markets and routes to sell their merchandise, and the competition for these markets and routes causes high levels of violence in producing and transit countries. Accordingly, progress has to be made in strengthening the rule of law, in the ability of governments to address local threats.

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Received on 18.02.2019 Modified on 20.03.2019

Res. J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 2019; 10(2): 383-390.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5828.2019.00065.2

DRUGS AND CRIME RELATIONSHIP	DEFINITION	EXAMPLES
Drug-defined offenses	Violations of laws prohibiting or regulating the possession, use, distribution, or manufacture of illegal Drugs.	Drug possession or use. Marijuana cultivation. Methamphetamine production. Cocaine, heroin, or marijuana sales.
Drug-related Offenses	Offences in which a drug’s pharmacologic effects contribute; offences motivated by the users need for money to support continued use; and offences connected to drug distribution itself	Violent behaviour resulting from drug effects. Stealing to get money to buy drugs. Violence against rival drug dealers
Drug using life style	Drug use and crime are common aspects of a deviant lifestyle. The likelihood and frequency of involvement in illegal activity is increased because drug users may not participate in the legitimate economy and are exposed to situations that encourage crime.	A life orientation with an emphasis on short-term goals supported by illegal activities. Opportunities to offend resulting from contacts with offenders and illegal markets. Criminal skills learned from other offenders.

MANUFACTURING DRUGS:

Drug

Unit of Measurement

Quantity Seized 2014

Quantity Seized 2015

Quantity Seized 2016

Cocaine hydrochloride

kg

71

46.96

12

Crack

kg

1.30

1.25

0.634

Cannabis

un

14,913

6,271 6,

plants 403

Cannabis

kg

829

973.90

1,421

Cannabis cigarettes

un

1,767

2,042

1,321

Source: Drug Squad

Table 2: Drug-related Offences Committed by All Persons Arrested and Charged, 2014 - 2016